Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Spiritual Therapy on Inhibitory Systems and Behavioral Activators in Heroin Abusers

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 : Instructor, Scientific Member of the Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

2 Bachelor of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

3 Master of General Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of spiritual therapy and mindfulness (MBCT) in heroin abusers.
Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental and the study population included all substance abusers who were 300 heroin users in the Saheb-ol-Zaman Corps Sepah in Isfahan in 2020. 90 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into three groups. They were divided into pre-test-post-test under spirituality training (30 people), group under mindfulness training (30 people) and control group (30 people). The first group received 8 sessions of spiritual therapy training and the second group received 8 sessions of mindfulness training (MBCT) and the control group did not have any training program. The measurement tools were a personality questionnaire (Gary Wilson, 1989), an algebraic obsessive-compulsive disorder (Ingmar Franken, 2002). According to the entry and exit criteria and homogenization of the subjects based on demographic characteristics, it was found that there was not much difference between the subjects before the study.
Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that spiritual therapy training is effective on brain inhibition system (BIS) (P = 0.001 ) and mindfulness training (MBCT) is effective on behavioral activation system (BAS) (P = 0.001) and in the control group, no changes were observed in the Brain Inhibition System (BIS) and the Brain Behavioral Activation System (BAS) (P> 0.05)
Conclusion: Spirituality therapy training was effective on the brain inhibition system, but mindfulness training was effective on the behavioral activator system.

Keywords

References

  1. Sarami H, Ghorbani M, Minouei M, The Study of four decade of addiction epidemiological research in Iran. Quart J Res Addict. 2013; 7(26): 29-52. [Persian].
  2. Rafiei H. Qualitative and quantitative research methods, interdisciplinary addiction, 1th ed. Tehran: Danjeh. 2008; 25-55. [persian].
  3. Rafiei H. Qualitative and quantitative research methods, interdisciplinary addiction, 1th ed. Tehran: Danjeh. 2008; 25-55. [persian].
  4. Rosenberg H. Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving. Clinic Psychol Rev. 2009; 29(6): 519-34.
  5. Rosenberg H. Clinical and laboratory assessment of the subjective experience of drug craving. Clinic Psychol Rev. 2009; 29(6): 519-34.
  6. Ekhtiari H, Alam-Mehrjerdi Z, Hassani-Abharian P, Nouri M, Farnam R, Mokri A Examination and Evaluation of Craving-Inductive Verbal Cues among Persian-Speaking Methamphetamine Abusers. Adv Cognit Sci. 2010; 12(2): 69-82.
  7. Zandi payam A, Davari A. The effect of heroin addiction on sexuality and quality of life of patients referred to the clinics in Sahneh, Iran.Nursing development.2019; (1)-10 [persian]
  8. Le Bon, O., Basiaux, P., Streel, E., Tecco, J., Hanak, C., Hansenne, M., et al. Personality profile and drug of choice: A multivariate analysis using Cloninger’s TCI on heroin addicts, alcoholics, and a random population group. Drug andAlcohol Dependence, 2004, 73(2), 175–182.
  9. Franken, I. H. A., Muris, P., & Georgieva, I. Gray's model of personality and addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 2006, 31, 399−403.
  10. Blum, K., Braverman, E. R., Holder, J. M., Lubar, J. F., Monastra, V. J., Miller, D., et al. Reward deficiency syndrome: A biogenetic model for the diagnosis and treatment of impulsive, addictive, and compulsive behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,2000, 32, 1−68.
  11. Johnson, S. L., Turner, R. J., & Iwata, N. BIS/BAS Levels and psychiatric disorder: An epidemiological study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,2003, 25, 25−36.
  12. Loxton, N. J., & Dawe, S. How do dysfunctional eating and hazardous drinking women perform on behavioral measures of reward and punishment sensitivity? Personality and Individual Differences,2008, 42, 1163−1172.
  13. Kambouropoulos, N., & Staiger, P. K. Reactivity to alcohol-related cues: Relationship among cue type, motivational processes, and personality. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,2004, 18, 275−283.
  14. O'Connor, R. M., Stewart, S. H., & Watt, M. C. Distinguishing BAS risk for university students's drinking, smoking, and gambling behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences,2009, 46, 514−519.
  15. Hundt, N. E., Kimbrel, N. A., Mitchell, J. T., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. High BAS, but not low BIS, predicts externalizing symptoms in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 563−573.
  16. Simons, J. S., Dvorak, R. D., & Batien, B. Methamphetamine use in a rural college population: Associations with marijuana use, sensitivity to punishment, and sensitivity to reward. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 2008, 444−449.
  17. Franken, I. H. A., Muris, P., & Georgieva, I. Gray's model of personality and addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 2002, 399−403.
  18. Genovese, J. E. C., &Wallace, D. Reward sensitivity and substance abuse in middle school and high school students. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 2007, 168, 465−469.
  19. Taylor, J., Reeves, M., James, L., & Bobadilla, L. Disinhibitory trait profile and its relation to cluster B personality disorder features and substance use problems. European Journal of Personality,2006, 20, 271−284.
  20. Segal, Z, V., Williams, J. M. G., Teasdale, J. D. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New-York: Guilford press
  21. Shapiro, S.L.,Bootzin, R,R., Figueredo,A.J., Lopezm, A.M.,Schwartz, G.E. (2006).The efficacy of mindfulness based stress reduction in the treatment of sleep disturbance, woman with breast cancer An exploratory study. Journal psychosom Research, (54): 85-91.
  22. Witkiewitz K, Bowen S. Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. J consul clin psychol. 2010; 78(3): 362.
  23. Bowen S, Chawla N, Marlatt GA. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for addictive behaviors: A clinician's guide: Guilford Press. 2010;.1-250.
  24. Witkiewitz K, Bowen S, Douglas H, Hsu SH. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for substancecraving. Addict Behav. 2013; 38(2): 1563-71.
  25. Salimi, S.H., Haghnazari, A, Ahmadi-Tahour -Soltani, M, Zohreh-Vand, M. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Drug Craving in Heroin Addicts Treated by Methadone Maintenance.Journal of Clinical Psychology.2016; (2):30-8[pesian]
  26. 26. Momeni K, Karimi H. The comparison of general health of the residents/non residents in the elder house. Salmand Iran J Ageing. 2010; 5(17):23‐ [Persian]
  27. 27. Yalom ID, Leszcz M. The theory and practice of group 5th Edition. New York: Basic Books; 2008.
  28. 28. Heelas P, editor. Religion, modernity, and post Oxford: Blackwell Publishers; 1998.
  29. Wubbolding RE. Using reality therapy. New York: HarperCollins; 1988.
  30. García‐Alandete J. Does meaning in life predict psychological well‐Being? Eur J Couns Psychol. 2015;3(2):89‐98.
  31. Dejkam N. Adaptation and standardization of the Beck hopelessness scale for Islamic Azad University students in Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch; 2004. [Persian]
  32. Avantes, S. K. & Margoline, A.  Development of spiritual self-schema therapy for the treatment of addictive and HIV risk behavior: A convergence of cognitive and buddhist psychology. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration.2004. 14, 253-289.
  33. Hayes, S. C., Masuda, A. & De Mey, H.  Acceptance and commitment thrapy and the third wave of behavior therapy. Gedragtherapie (Dutch Journal of Behavior Therapy), 2005, 36, 69-96.
  34. Piri, J, Panah Ali, Agdasi, A.N. Effectiveness of Self-awareness-based Spirituality Therapy in Psychological Well-being and Self-assertiveness. Quarterly Journal of New Psychological Research.2020; (59)-15[Persian
  35. Gray JA. The psychology of fear and stress. 2nd ed. New York: CUP Archive; 1987.
  36. Gray JA. The neuropsychology of temperament. In: Strelau J, Angleitner A, editors. Explorations in

temperament: international perspectives on theory and measurement. New York: Plenum Press; 1991.

  1. Muris P, Meesters C, Dekanter E, Timmerman P. Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation system scales for children: relationships with Eysenck's personality traits and psychopathological symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences 2005; 38(4): 831-41.
  2. Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1994; 67(2): 319-33.
  3. Rothbart MK, Ahadi SA, Evans DE. Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000; 78(1): 122-35.
  4. Leen-Feldner EW, Zvolensky MJ, Feldner MT. Behavioral inhibition sensitivity and emotional response suppression: a laboratory test among adolescents in a fear-relevant paradigm. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2004; 33(4): 783-91.
  5. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N. The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Dev 1987; 58(6): 1459-73.
  6. Smillie LD, Jackson LDC. Distinguishing between learning and motivation in behavioral tests of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2007; 33(4): 476-89.
  7. Gray JA. A model of the limbic system and basal ganglia: Applications to anxiety and schizophrenia. In: Gazzaniga M, editor. The cognitive neuroscience. Cambridge: MIT 1995; 1165-76.
  8. Gray JA, McNaughton N. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septohippocampal system. New York: Oxford University; 2000; 53-98.
  9. Carver CL, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol; 1994. 67: 319-333.
  10. Quarterly Journal of Research on Addiction, Vol. 14, No. 55, Spring 2020.
  11. Hewig J, Hageman D, Seifert J, Naumann E, Bartussek D. The relation of cortical activity and BIS/BAS on the trait level. Biol Psychol 2006; 71: 42-53.
  12. Corr P J, Perkins AM. The role of theory in the Psychophysiology of personality: From Ivan

Pavlov to Jeffrey Gray. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 62: 367-76.

  1. Hewig J, Hageman D, Seifert J, Naumann E, Bartussek D. The relation of cortical activity and BIS/BAS on the trait level. Biol Psychol 2006; 71: 42-53.
  2. Hundt, N. E., Kimbrel, N. A., Mitchell, J. T., Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2008). High BAS, but not low BIS, predicts externalizing symptoms in adults. Personality individual difference, 44(3): 565-75.
  3. Gruber SA, Dahlgren MK, Sagar KA, Gönenc A, Killgore WD. Age of onset of marijuana use impacts inhibitory processing. Neuroscience Letters 2012, 9; 511(2):89-94.
  4. Feldon J, Gary JA, Hamersley DR, Smith AD. The neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1991; 14-9.
  5. Zargar F, Mohammadi A, Omidi A, Bagherian Sararoudi R. The third wave of behavior therapy with emphasis on acceptance-based behavior therapy. J Res Behav Sci. 2013; 10(5): 383- 90. [Persian].
  6. Petter M, McGrath PJ, Chambers CT, Dick BD. The Effects of Mindful Attention and State Mindfulness on Acute Experimental Pain among Adolescents. J pediatric psychol. 2014; 1-7.
  7. Hsu SH, Grow J, Marlatt GA. Mindfulness and addiction. Recent Dev Alcohol: Springer. 2008; 229-50.
  8. Breslin FC, Zack M, McMain S. An information‐processing analysis of mindfulness: Implications for relapse prevention in the treatment of substance abuse. Clin Psychol: Sci Pract. 2002; 9(3): 275-99.
  9. Kiani A, Ghasemi ND, Pourabas A. The comparision of effectiveness of group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Craving and Emotion Regulation in glass abusers. Quart J Res Addict. 2012; 6(24): 27-37. [persian].
  10. Bowen S, Chawla N, Marlatt GA. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for addictive behaviors: A clinician's guide: Guilford Press. 2010;.1-250.
  11. Witkiewitz K, Bowen S. Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. J consul clin psychol. 2010; 78(3): 362.
  12. Esmaeilian N, Tahmassian K, Dehghani M, Mootabi F. Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Depression Symptoms in Children with Divorced Parents. J Clin Pcychol. 2013; 5(3): 47-58. [Persian].
  13. Izadi R, Asgari K, Neshatdust H, Abedi M. Case Study of the Effectivenessof Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Frequency and Severity of Obsessive Symptoms in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder. J Med Res. 2011; 1(1): 20-6. [Persian].
  14. Abharian P, Ekhtiari H. Self Report Questionnaires for Drug Craving Assessment. Quart Addict. 2008; 4(5): 37-47. [Persian].
  15. Azad Fallah, P., Dadsetan, P.; Ejei, J, Moazani, S. M. Stress, Brain / Behavioral Activity, and Secretory Immunoglobulin Changes A. Journal of Psychology,1999. Year 3, Issue 8, pp. 3-22.
  16. Dejkam N. Adaptation and standardization of the Beck hopelessness scale for Islamic Azad University students in Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran Branch; 2004. [Persian]
  17. Frankl VE. The will to meaniog: foundations and applications of logotherapy. New York, NY: Penguin Publishing Group; 2014.
  18. Ghoreishizade MA, Torabi K. The mental health study combined with addiction in 200 cases referred to the referrals drug rehabilitation centers in Tabriz. J Tabriz Univ Med Sci; 2003.24:49-53.
  19. Lewis MD. Dopamine and the Neural "Now": Essay and Review of Addiction: A Disorder of Choice. Perspect Psychol Sci; 2011.6(2):150-155.
  20. Kamran A. MA, Mir Mehdi S.R. PhD, Abdulla Zadeh H.Ph D Hosseini Dastjerdi S.H. MA. Effectiveness of Spirituality Therapy on the Dimensions of Quality of Life of Elderly.2019. ISSN: 2322-2166; Islamic Life Style Centered on Health. 2019;3(2):75-82 [Persian]
  21. Faseli E, Maulavi F. The Study of drug abuse among Iranaian men abusers, 1th ed. Tehran: Secretariat of the Headquarters for Combating Drugs; 2003. p. 11-20. [persian].
  22. Mattick RP, Breen C, Kimber J, Davoli M. Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009; 3.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 09 May 2021
  • Revise Date: 19 September 2021
  • Accept Date: 02 August 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics