Structural model of primary maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style with social anxiety disorder: the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D student in psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the symptoms of social anxiety disorder based on primary maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style with the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity.
Method: The research method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all students of the University of Science and Research in the academic year of 2022 in Tehran province which were selected as a multi-stage random sampling. The number of 306 people who scored higher than 40 in the Connor social anxiety questionnaire. Data collection tools included Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire and Social Anxiety Questionnaire. In order to analyze the obtained data, SPSS19 and AMOS24 software were used.
Findings: The predictor variables of primary maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style directly and indirectly with the mediation of anxiety sensitivity had a significant effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01). Also, anxiety sensitivity had a direct effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01).
Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that early maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style can be strong predictors of social anxiety disorder, and in the meantime, anxiety sensitivity as a mediating variable is part of the influencing process in the form of Taking signs of social anxiety.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. منابع

    1. Clark DA, Beck AT. Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders: Science and practice: Guilford Press; 2011.
    2. Adams GC, Wrath AJ, Mondal P, Asmundson GJ. Depression with or without comorbid social anxiety: Is attachment the culprit? Psychiatry Research. 2018;269:86-92.
    3. Anderson ER, Hope DA. A review of the tripartite model for understanding the link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clinical psychology review. 2008;28(2):275-87.
    4. Roest AM, de Jonge P, Lim CW, Stein DJ, Al-Hamzawi A, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bruffaerts R, Bunting B, Caldas-de-Almeida JM, Ciutan M. Fear and distress disorders as predictors of heart disease: a temporal perspective. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2017 May 1;96:67-75.
    5. Washburn D, Wilson G, Roes M, Rnic K, Harkness KL. Theory of mind in social anxiety disorder, depression, and comorbid conditions. Journal of anxiety disorders. 2016 Jan 1;37:71-7.
    6. El-Gabalawy R, Cox B, Clara I, Mackenzie C. Assessing the validity of social anxiety disorder subtypes using a nationally representative sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2010 Mar 1;24(2):244-9.
    7. Pinto-Gouveia J, Castilho P, Galhardo A, Cunha M. Early maladaptive schemas and social phobia. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2006;30(5):571-84.
    8. Conrad R, Forstner AJ, Chung M-L, Mücke M, Geiser F, Schumacher J, et al. Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in social anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry. 2021;21(1):1-9.
    9. Kaya Y, Aydin A. The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and mental health symptoms of university students. Journal of Adult Development. 2021;28(1):15-24.
    10. Myers SG, Wells A. Early trauma, negative affect, and anxious attachment: the role of metacognition. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping. 2015;28(6):634-49.
    11. Tamannaeifar M, Sanatkarfar M. Social anxiety study based on coping styles and attachment styles. Practice in Clinical Psychology. 2017;5(2):115-22.
    12. Ledley DR, Heimberg RG. Cognitive vulnerability to social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2006;25(7):755-78.
    13. Ahmady M, Bagheri M. The mediating role of cognitive distortions in the relationship between body image with social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 2013;7(6):321-30. [Persian]
    14. Naderzadeh H, Salehi M, Jafari Roshan M, Koochak Entezar R. A structural equation model of relationship between Social Anxiety symptoms, Early Maladaptive schemas and Cognitive Distortions in Adolescents. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2019; 13 (1): 40- 57. [Persian].
    15. Peeters N, van Passel B, Krans J. The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2022; 61(3), 579-597.
    16. Shafiei A, Shahvarani M, Shaei Arani S. P10: Comparing the Early Maladaptive Schemas in Normal and Social Anxiety Adolescents. The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam. 2014;2(3):34-55. [Persian]
    17. Morley TE, Moran G. The origins of cognitive vulnerability in early childhood: Mechanisms linking early attachment to later depression. Clinical psychology review. 2011;31(7):1071-82.
    18. Erozkan A. Determining the Anxiety Sensitivity Bases of Anxiety: A Study with Undergraduate Students. Universal Journal of Educational Research. 2017;5(1):121-8.
    19. Bowlby J. A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory (collected papers). London: Tavistock. 1988:134-55.
    20. Brumariu LE, Kerns KA. Parent–child attachment and internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A review of empirical findings and future directions. Development and psychopathology. 2010;22(1):177-203.
    21. Manassis K, Bradley S, Goldberg S, Hood J, Swinson RP. Attachment in mothers with anxiety disorders and their children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994;33(8):1106-13.
    22. Alden LE, Taylor CT. Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clinical psychology review. 2004;24(7):857-82.
    23. Dixon LJ, Lee AA, Gratz KL, Tull MT. Anxiety sensitivity and sleep disturbance: Investigating associations among patients with co-occurring anxiety and substance use disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2018;53:9-15.
    24. Hezel DM, McNally RJ. Theory of mind impairments in social anxiety disorder. Behavior therapy. 2014;45(4):530-40.
    25. Kendall PC. Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures: Guilford Press; 2011.
    26. McCabe RE. Implicit and explicit memory for threat words in high-and low-anxiety-sensitive participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 1999;23(1):21-38.
    27. Ashoori R, Aghaei H, Noohi S. Group Schema-Based Education on Anxiety Sensitivity in Married Women. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2020;10(0):105-120. [Persian]
    28. Khakpoor S, Saed O, Shahsavar A. The concept of “Anxiety sensitivity” in social anxiety disorder presentations, symptomatology, and treatment: A theoretical perspective. Cogent Psychology. 2019; 6: 1617658. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2019.1617658. [Persian]
    29. Ashoori R, Aghaei H, Noohi S. Group Schema-Based Education on Anxiety Sensitivity in Married Women. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies. 2020;10(0):105-120. [Persian]
    30. Martin KP, M Blair S, Clark GI, Rock AJ, Hunter KR. Trait mindfulness moderates the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and depressive symptoms. Mindfulness. 2018;9(1):140-50.
    31. Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied Multivariate Research: Design and Interpretation: SAGE Publications; 2016.
    32. Yang J. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders, schema-driven approach. Translated by Ali Sahib and Hassan Hamidpour 1nd ed Tehran: Agah Pub. 2005;124.
    33. Mahdavi S, Azadi M. Standardization of Young’s Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire in Students of Tehran. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 12(45), 137-166. [Persian]
    34. Hazan C, Shaver PR. Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and social Psychology. 1990;59(2):270.
    35. Rahimian E, Nori A, Arizi H, Molavi H. Relationship between adult attachment style and nurses' job satisfaction and stress. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology. 2008; 13(2), 148-157. [Persian]
    36. Reiss S, Peterson RA, Gursky DM, McNally RJ. Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour research and therapy. 1986;24(1):1-8.
    37. Floyd M, Garfield A, LaSota MT. Anxiety sensitivity and worry. Personality and Individual Differences. 2005;38(5):1223-9.
    38. Mashhadi A, Ghasempour A, Akbari E, Ilbaygi R, Hassanzadeh S. The role of anxiety sensitivity and emotion regulation in prediction of social anxiety disorder in students. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2017;14(52):89-99. [Persian]
    39. Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Weisler RH, Foa E. Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;176(4):379-86.
    40. Hassanvand AM, Hassanvand AA, Ghadampour M. The Prediction of Social Anxiety Symptoms (Fear, Avoidance, Physiological Arousal) on the Basis of Early Maladaptive Dchemas. 2014. [Persian]

    40. Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Davis D, Rumble M, Scipio C, Garst J. Attachment styles in patients with lung cancer and their spouses: associations with patient and spouse adjustment. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2012; 20(10):2459-66. DOI:10. 1007/s00520-011-1367-6

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 24 July 2023
  • Revise Date: 27 December 2023
  • Accept Date: 07 January 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics