Daydreaming Scale (MDS-16) in an Iranian Sample

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student in clinical psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

3 Ph.D. student of psychology, Khorazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS–16) in an Iranian Sample.
Method: In a descriptive-correlational study a sample of 300 students was selected by an online snowball sampling method. In order to assess the divergent and convergent validity, the Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES-II) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Pearson's correlation were used.
Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis in this questionnaire revealed three factors including Interferer daydreaming, Stubborn daydreaming, and Dependent daydreaming in the Iranian student population. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the three-factor model has an acceptable fitness. Cronbach's alpha for the first factor was 0.90, the second factor was 0.86, the third factor was 0.79 and the whole questionnaire was 0.93. A significant negative relationship was found between the three factors of the questionnaire and the total score of daydreaming with acceptance and practice, which indicates the divergent validity of this scale. A direct and significant relationship was also evident between the three factors of the questionnaire and the total score of Maladaptive Daydreaming with the components of Dissociative amnesia, Depersonalization/ Derealization, and Absorption/Imaginative Involvement which indicates the convergent validity of the tool.
Conclusion: the Persian version of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale has acceptable psychometric properties in the Iranian student community and could be a useful questionnaire in evaluating Maladaptive Daydreaming.

Keywords

References

  1. منابع

    1. Singer JL. Daydreaming and fantasy (psychology revivals). Routledge; 2014 Jun.
    2. Killingsworth MA, Gilbert DT. A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science. 2010 Nov 12; 330(6006):932. doi: 10.1126/science.1192439. PMID: 21071660.
    3. Somer E, Herscu O. Childhood Trauma, Social Anxiety, Absorption and Fantasy Dependence: Two Potential Mediated Pathways to Maladaptive Daydreaming. J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil 6: 3. of. 2017; 5:2.
    4. Somer E. Maladaptive daydreaming: A qualitative inquiry. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy. 2002 Sep; 32(2):197-212.
    5. Freud, S. (1910). Five lectures on psycho-analysis. In J. Strachey (Ed.), the standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. XI, pp. 3–56). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
    6. Schimmenti A, Sideli L, La Marca L, Gori A, Terrone G. Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the maladaptive daydreaming scale (MDS–16) in an Italian sample. Journal of Personality Assessment. 2020 Sep 2; 102(5):689-701.
    7. Somer E. Maladaptive daydreaming: Ontological analysis, treatment rationale; a pilot case report. Frontiers in the Psychotherapy of Trauma and Dissociation. 2018; 1(2):1-22.
    8. Bigelsen J, Lehrfeld JM, Jopp DS, Somer E. Maladaptive daydreaming: Evidence for an under-researched mental health disorder. Consciousness and Cognition. 2016 May 1; 42:254-66.
    9. Foa EB, Steketee G, Grayson JB, Turner RM, Latimer PR. Deliberate exposure and blocking of obsessive-compulsive rituals: Immediate and long-term effects. Behavior Therapy. 1984 Nov 1; 15(5):450-72.
    10. Klainin-Yobas P, Ramirez D, Fernandez Z, Sarmiento J, Thanoi W, Ignacio J, Lau Y. examining the predicting effect of mindfulness on psychological well-being among undergraduate students: A structural equation modelling approach. Personality and individual differences. 2016 Mar 1; 91:63-8.
    11. Hayes SC, Wilson KG, Gifford EV, Follette VM, Strosahl K. Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 1996 Dec; 64(6):1152.
    12. Hayes SC, Follette VM, Linehan M, editors. Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition. Guilford Press; 2004 Aug 31.
    13. Somer E, Lehrfeld J, Bigelsen J, Jopp DS. Development and validation of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS). Consciousness and Cognition. 2016 Jan 1; 39:77-91.
    14. Sándor A, Münnich Á, Molnár J. Psychometric properties of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale in a sample of Hungarian daydreaming-prone individuals. J Behav Addict. 2020 Oct 6; 9(3):853-862. doi: 10.1556/2006.2020.00050. PMID: 33027058; PMCID: PMC8943674.
    15. Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1986 Dec; 174(12):727-35.
    16. Carlson EB, Putnam FW. An update on the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation: progress in the dissociative disorders. 1993 Mar.
    17. Bruce AS, Ray WJ, Carlson RA. Understanding cognitive failures: What’s dissociation got to do with it? The American Journal of Psychology. 2007 Dec 1; 120(4):553-63.
    18. Chu JA. Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating complex PTSD and dissociative disorders. John Wiley & Sons; 2011 Apr 26.
    19. Sajadi F, Dehghanizade Z. A survey on the relationship between alexithymia and dissociation experiences with eating attitudes in girl students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2016; 18 (5):8-17. [Persian]
    20. Aftab, R., Bermas, H., Abolmaali Alhosseini, K. The Mediating Role of Defense Mechanisms and Feeling of Guilt in the Relationship between Personality Traits and Dissociation Experiences. Journal of Applied Psychological Research, 2021; 11(4): 293-316. [Persian]
    21. Nobakht HN, Dale KY. The prevalence of deliberate self-harm and its relationships to trauma and dissociation among Iranian young adults. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2017 Aug 8; 18(4):610-23.
    22. Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, Waltz T, Zettle RD. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior therapy. 2011 Dec 1; 42(4):676-88.
    23. Abasi, E., Fti, L., Molodi, R., Zarabi, H. Psychometric properties of Persian Version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire –II. Psychological Methods and Models, 2012; 3(Vol.2/No.10/Winter 2013): 65-80. [Persian]
    24. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications; 2015 Nov 3.
    25. Abu-Rayya HM, Somer E, Meari-Amir S. The psychometric properties of the Arabic 16-item Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS-16-AR) in a multicountry Arab sample. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2019 Jun; 6(2):171–183.
    26. Classen C, Koopman C, Spiegel D. Trauma and dissociation. Bull Menninger Clin. 1993 spring; 57(2):178-94. PMID: 8508155.
    27. Sar V, Alioğlu F, Akyuz G, Karabulut S. Dissociative amnesia in dissociative disorders and borderline personality disorder: self-rating assessment in a college population. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2014 Aug 8; 15(4):477-93.
    28. Huntjens RJ, Dorahy MJ, van Wees-Cieraad R. Dissociation and memory fragmentation. Cognitive behavioural approaches to the understanding and treatment of dissociation. 2013 Jun 19:92-103.
    29. Pietkiewicz IJ, Nęcki S, Bańbura A, Tomalski R. Maladaptive daydreaming as a new form of behavioral addiction. Journal of behavioral addictions. 2018 Sep; 7(3):838-43.
    30. Bassak Nejad S, Yunesi A, Sadatmand K. The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance and resiliency with test anxiety in male students. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018 May 22; 10(1):71-8.

    31. Barajas S, Garra L. Mindfulness and psychopathology: Adaptation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in a Spanish sample. Clínica y Salud. 2014 Mar 1; 25(

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 02 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 11 October 2022
  • Accept Date: 05 December 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics